Predictive Medicine for Chronic Patients in an Integrated Care Scenario. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as Use Case
Year: 2014
Type: dissertation
Abstract: BACKGROUND \n \nThe epidemics of non-communicable diseases and the need for cost-containment are triggering a profound reshaping of healthcare delivery toward adoption of the Chronic Care model, involving deployment of integrated care services (ICS) with the support of information and communication technologies (ICS-ICT). In this scenario, emerging systems medicine, with a holistic mechanism-based approach to diseases, may play a relevant role in health risk assessment and patient stratification. \n \nThe general aim of Synergy-COPD was to explore the potential of a systems medicine approach to improve knowledge on underlying mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) heterogeneity, focusing on systemic effects of the disease and co-morbidity clustering. The transfer of acquired knowledge to healthcare was also a core aim of the project. Moreover, Synergy-COPD explored novel cross talk between biomedical research and healthcare to foster deployment of 4P (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participatory) Medicine for patients with chronic disorders. \n \nThe current PhD thesis contributed to Synergy-COPD focusing on two specific areas: i) a quantitative analysis of the relationships between cellular oxygenation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; and, ii) different ICT developments addressing transfer of knowledge to healthcare and the interplay with biomedical research. \n \nHYPOTHESIS \n \nThe overarching hypothesis of this PhD thesis is that subject-specific health risk assessment and stratification may lead to novel and a more efficient patient-oriented healthcare delivery. Specifically, the current PhD studies hypothesize that predictive mechanistic modeling integrating oxygen pathway and mitochondrial function can contribute to assess the biological effects of cellular hypoxia and its role on skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD. Moreover, it is hypothesized that a holistic design of the ICT support may contribute to a successful deployment of ICS-ICT for chronic patients fostering the transfer of the achievements of systems-oriented research into healthcare. \n \nOBJECTIVES \n \nTo integrate physiological modeling of the O2 pathway and biochemical modeling of mitochondrial ROS generation to quantitatively analyze the relationships between skeletal muscle oxygenation and mitochondrial ROS generation. \n \nTo develop ICT tools supporting Integrated Care Services (ICS-ICT) for chronic patients, as well as innovative cross talk between systems-oriented biomedical research and healthcare. \n \nMAIN FINDINGS \n \nQuantitative analysis between cellular oxygenation and mitochondrial ROS generation \n \nThe model analyzed the role of all the physiological determinants of the O2 pathway. It was shown that a given degree of heterogeneity in the skeletal muscle reduces overall O2 transfer more than does lung heterogeneity, but actually observed heterogeneity in lung is greater than in muscle, so that lung heterogeneity has a greater impact on overall O2 transport. In addition, muscle heterogeneity showed to increase the range of skeletal muscle PmO2 values, and in regions with a low ratio of metabolic capacity to blood flow, mitochondrial PO2 (PmO2) could exceed that of mixed tissue venous blood. Unfortunately, assessment of skeletal muscle functional heterogeneities is highly limited due to technological constraints. \n \nThe model indicates that the ratio between O2 transport capacity and mitochondrial O2 utilization potential determines PmO2. The phenomenon might be highly relevant after high intensity resistance training in COPD patients with limitation of O2 transport due to the pulmonary disease. \n \nSimulations using data from healthy subjects during maximal exercise revealed that altitude triggers high mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle regions with high metabolic capacity, but limited O2 delivery, already evident at approx. 17,000 ft. above sea level. This is the altitude above which permanent human habitation does not occur, and the altitude above which humans experience inexorable loss of body mass. However, it is concluded that the use of the integrated model in disease conditions requires further refinement of mitochondrial parameter estimation. \n \nICT-support to the deployment of integrated care services (ICS-ICT) and to the cross talk between healthcare and systems-oriented biomedical research \n \nAn open and modular platform was developed to provide the common basic set of tools and technologies to support the implementation of ICS-ICT for chronic patients. The platform has effectively covered the four ICS developed and assessed within the NEXES European project (2008-2013, www.nexeshealth.eu) in one of Barcelona’s Health Care Districts accounting for 540.000 inhabitants, and has shown potential for further deployment at regional level. \n \nThe concept of the Digital Health Framework (DHF) was articulated to provide linkage between healthcare and innovative systems-oriented biomedical research. The Synergy-COPD knowledge base was developed as a component of the DHF-research to enforce the transition toward 4P medicine. \n \nCONCLUSIONS \n \n1. The model integrating physiological determinants of the O2 pathway and biochemical modulators of mitochondrial ROS formation provides, for the first time, a quantitative assessment of the relationships between cellular oxygenation and mitochondrial ROS production. The model generates consistent results in health, but parameter estimations when applied to COPD needs refinement. \n \n2. The ICT-platform supporting integrated care services (ICS) for chronic patients effectively covered the functional requirements for deployment within a single-provider environment. The challenges to be faced for regional deployment of the ICS were identified and strategies for adoption have been proposed. \n \n3. The Digital Health Framework (DHF) conceptualizes a scenario for an effective cross talk between integrated care and systems-oriented biomedical research that should foster deployment of 4P medicine. Future steps for adoption of the DHF have been proposed. \n \n4. The COPD-specific knowledge base (COPDkb), developed and assessed in the current PhD thesis, constitutes a pivotal component of systems-oriented biomedical research.
Author: Isaac Cano Franco
Language: English
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W168151695