Psicopatología y uso de tabaco en estudiantes de secundaria
Year: 2006
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: SUMMARY When we talk about drugs, we usually think about illicit substances. However some substances apparently innocuous such as caffeine and other legal ones like tobacco and alcohol, are considered as abuse substances. Nicotine has not been studied as extensively as other drugs. It is known that the pharmacological and behavioural processes that determine the addiction to nicotine are similar to those that determine the addiction to other drugs such as cocaine or heroine. The main adverse effect of nicotine is death. According to the Global Burden of Disease study of the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and Harvard University, in 2020, tobacco will be the first individual cause of death in the world even over AIDS. Nicotine dependence can appear at any age, though it generally begins during adolescence, and it acts on the brain mechanisms of reward, indirectly by endogenous opioid activity and directly by dopaminergic pathways. In the researches on drugs consumption among adolescents conducted in Mexico City during 1989, 1991 and 1993, it was observed that tobacco consumption has increased lightly but systematically, from 4.8% to 4.2%. The percentage of current users (in the last month) is 21.9%. At junior high school level it is 13.7%, and at high school level 34.4%. Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity (ADDH). Altough the relationship between ADDH and drugs consumption has been recognized none of the studies conducted in our country has included this variable. ADDH is a disorder with a frequency of 1.7% to 18.9%. The difference between the reported percentages is attributed to the fact that definitions and methods used in the studies are not the same. When the disorder is not treated, there is usually a gradual accumulation of adverse processes that increase the risk of pathology. The relationship between ADDH and drug consumption is complex. In a study of adolescents who received treatment for drug abuse, it was observed that 50% of them met the criteria for ADDH. As well, this disorder was a bad prognosis factor, either to the addiction evolution and its treatment. Another complex relationship is the one between ADDH and cigarette smoking. In a study conducted among adult smokers, the subjects with ADDH had an earlier onset of the tobacco addiction, compared to those who did not had ADDH. This finding was confirmed by Milberger, who in a four years follow up study, discovered that ADDH is a significant predictor on the early tobacco consumption. ADDH can be considered as a risk factor in developing other addictions. Although the relationship between ADDH and drug consumption has been studied, the reviewed researches show up some limitations : • Only clinical samples have been studied. • Most of the follow up studies have included just male individuals with ADDH. • In our country the effect of the clinical variables on drugs use have not been studied. In ADDH as well as in drug consumption, it has been observed a remarkable influence of cultural variables, this emphasize the need of evaluating both problems in our country. The following study was conducted under the hypothesis that ADDH and general pathology symptoms are higher among adolescents that have consumed tobacco than those who have not. Material and methods A comparative, cross-sectional survey of adolescent with and without tobacco usage was performed. Fifteen junior high schools in Puebla City were randomly selected. First year junior high school students who agreed to answer the questionnaires were included.
Language: Spanish
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W1984731195