Work

Artificial Pancreas: Past, Present, Future

Year: 2011

Type: review

Abstract: The artificial pancreas (AP), known as closed-loopcontrol of blood glucose in diabetes, is a systemcombining a glucose sensor, a control algorithm,and an insulin infusion device. AP developments can be traced back 50 years to when the possibility for external blood glucose regulation was established by stud-ies in individuals with type 1 diabetes using intravenous glucose measurement and infusion of insulin and glucose. After the pioneering work by Kadish (1) in 1964, expect-ations for effectively closing the loop were inspired by the nearly simultaneous work of five teams reporting closed-loop control results between 1974 and 1978: Albisser et al. (2), Pfeiffer et al. (3), Mirouze et al. (4), Kraegen et al. (5), and Shichiri et al. (6). In 1977, one of these realizations (3) resulted in the first commercial device—the Biostator (7; Fig. 1), followed by another inpatient system, the Nikkiso STG-22 Blood Glucose Controller, now in use in Japan (8). Although the intravenous route of glucose sensing and

Source: Diabetes

DOI: 10.2337/db11-0654

Authors: Claudio Cobelli, Eric Renard, Boris Kovatchev