Year: 2007
Type: article
Abstract: The glycemic index (GI) measures the magnitude of the postprandial increase in blood glucose caused by a test food compared with a reference food/beverage, such as a glucose solution or white bread, containing the same amount of carbohydrate.The insulin index is determined in a similar manner of GI calculation, except that blood insulin AUC is used in place of blood glucose AUC.Low GI and insulin index foods are desirable because foods with low GI and insulin index result in gradual increase in postprandial glycemia/insulinemia and lower blood glucose/insulin fluctuations compared with foods with high GI and insulin index.This attenuated glycemic and insulinemic responses of low GI and insulin index foods is associated with reduced risks of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and chronic diseases.Fructose has low glycemic and insulin index, and a high fructose-containing food, such as raisins, would be expected to have low glycemic and insulin index values.In addition to its low glycemic and insulin index, small, or "catalytic" amounts of fructose (e.g., 5-10 g) lower the glycemic response to other carbohydrates.However, prefeeding of fructose is necessary to achieve this effect due to the slow intestinal absorption of fructose.The overall objective of this dissertation was to investigate the current interest of carbohydrate metabolism.The first goal was to determine a difference in carbohydrate x Erythritol-Introduction…………………………………..………………………..40 Erythritol absorption…………………………………...………………………….42Erythritol distribution……………………………………………………………...44 Metabolism of malabsorbed erythritol by the colonic microflora…………………45 Effect of erythritol on glycemic and insulinemia………………………………….47 Laxative effect of erythritol………………………………………………………..47 References………………...……………………………………………………….48 3. Determination of the glycemic and insulin index values of raisins in three populations………………………………………………………………….……..61 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..…61 Methods……………………………………………………………………..……..63 Results………………………………………………………………………..…....66 Discussion…………………………………………………………………..……..68 References…………………………………………………………………….…...73 4. Inhibition of fructose absorption by erythritol in healthy adults……..…..……….81Introduction………………………………………………………………………..81 Methods…………………………………………………………………………....83 Results……………………………………………………………………………..87 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………90 References…………………………………………………………………………94 5. Erythritol inhibits transepithelial transport of fructose across Caco-2 human intestinal cells…………………………………………………………………….108Introduction…………………………………………………………...………….108Methods…………………………………………………………………………..110 Results…………..………………………………………………………………..115 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..117 References………………………………………………………………………..121 6. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………129 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….…….132Appendix A. Institutional review board approval letter for the raisin study………………..152 B. Recruitment flyer for the raisin study…………………………………………154 C. Screening questionnaire for the raisin study…………………………………..156 D. Treatment visit data collection form for the raisin study……………………..163 xi E. Western institutional review board approval letter for the erythritol and fructose study………………………………………………………………….168F. Recruitment flyer for the erythritol and fructose study…………………….….171G. Screening questionnaire for the erythritol and fructose study………………...173 H. Breath hydrogen and fasting plasma glucose screening form for the erythritol and fructose study……………………………………………………………..179 I. Test visit data collection for the erythritol and fructose study…………………181 J. Flatus/bowel movement form for the erythritol and fructose study…………...187 K. Gastrointestinal tolerance factors form for the erythritol and fructose study…189 L. Exit visit questionnaire for the erythritol and fructose study…………………………………………………………………………...191 xiv 5.4.Transport of fructose and erythritol into the basolateral compartment after phenol red assay was conducted the day before the xperiment…………………….…..126 5.5 Transport of fructose and erythritol into the basolateral compartment after apical side was pre-treated with glucose-free DMEM the day before the xperiment….1275.6 Transport of fructose and erythritol to the basolateral compartment at low doses of fructose and erythritol……………………………………………………..…128
Author: Yeon Soo Kim
Institution: The Ohio State University
Language: English
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W2286852875