Year: 2016
Type: review
Abstract: The need to optimize vaccine potency while minimizing toxicity in healthy recipients has motivated studies of the formulation of vaccines to control how, when, and where antigens and adjuvants encounter immune cells and other cells/tissues following administration. An effective subunit vaccine must traffic to lymph nodes (LNs), activate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and persist for a sufficient time to promote a mature immune response. Here, we review approaches to tailor these three aspects of vaccine function through optimized formulations. Traditional vaccine adjuvants activate innate immune cells, promote cell-mediated transport of antigen to lymphoid tissues, and promote antigen retention in LNs. Recent studies using nanoparticles and other lymphatic-targeting strategies suggest that direct targeting of antigens and adjuvant compounds to LNs can also enhance vaccine potency without sacrificing safety. The use of formulations to regulate biodistribution and promote antigen and inflammatory cue co-uptake in immune cells may be important for next-generation molecular adjuvants. Finally, strategies to program vaccine kinetics through novel formulation and delivery strategies provide another means to enhance immune responses independent of the choice of adjuvant. These technologies offer the prospect of enhanced efficacy while maintaining high safety profiles necessary for successful vaccines.
DOI: 10.1172/jci81083
Language: English
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: bronze
Funders: National Science Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, V Foundation for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Army Research Office, Army Research Laboratory
Awards: Engineered lipid vesicles as potent vaccine vectors for HIV, G3429140574, G3491862500, Graduate Research Fellowship Program, G3732666562, Optimizing Human B and T Cell Vaccines Against HIV Using Humanized BLT Mice, G4950536974, G518509400, G5259331294, G6274897657, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, G7452299184, Eliciting B cells to produce anti-HIV gp41 MPER-specific neutralizing antibodies, G8727049869, G901605910
OpenAlex ID: W2289160872