The importance of having two X chromosomes
Year: 2016
Type: review
Abstract: Historically, it was thought that the number of X chromosomes plays little role in causing sex differences in traits. Recently, selected mouse models have been used increasingly to compare mice with the same type of gonad but with one versus two copies of the X chromosome. Study of these models demonstrates that mice with one X chromosome can be strikingly different from those with two X chromosomes, when the differences are not attributable to confounding group differences in gonadal hormones. The number of X chromosomes affects adiposity and metabolic disease, cardiovascular ischaemia/reperfusion injury and behaviour. The effects of X chromosome number are likely the result of inherent differences in expression of X genes that escape inactivation, and are therefore expressed from both X chromosomes in XX mice, resulting in a higher level of expression when two X chromosomes are present. The effects of X chromosome number contribute to sex differences in disease phenotypes, and may explain some features of X chromosome aneuploidies such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes.
Institution: University of California, Los Angeles
Language: English
Subfield: Genetics
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Awards: New Molecules in Triglyceride Metabolism and Adipogenesis, Genetic Mechanisms in Klinefelter Syndrome-Related Behaviors, Sex chromosome effects on neural developement, Neuroendocrinology, Sex Differences, and Reproduction, Epigenetic regulation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by X chromosome, Research Tranining in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Sex differences in obesity and metabolic disease, Sex differences in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, G8577472606, G9000087295
OpenAlex ID: W2338995534