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High prevalence of individuals with low concentration of fetal hemoglobin in F‐cells in sickle cell anemia in Tanzania

Year: 2016

Type: article

Abstract: High prevalence of individuals with low concentration of fetal hemoglobin in F-cells in sickle cell anemia in Tanzania To the Editor: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) has a high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, with up to 11,000 births of SCA individuals occurring in Tanzania annually [1].Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is one of the most important factors influencing the disease severity.In adults, HbF expression is restricted to a subset of red blood cells (RBCs) called F-cells.Although high HbF is associated with mild disease, there are reports of severe disease occurring in individuals with high HbF levels.One of the factors that accounts for this is thought to be the distribution of HbF within F-cells [2] rather than the overall percentage of HbF.This is because the uneven distribution of HbF in F-cells may result in inadequate number of F-cells with sufficient concentrations of HbF to inhibit sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization [2,3].It is therefore hypothesized that a more important measure of disease modification is the concentration of HbF per F-cell (HbF/F-cell) rather than the overall percentage of HbF and F-cells.The level of HbF/F-cell of 10 pg has been suggested as a cut-off, with levels equal or above this associated with milder forms of disease [2].To date, there is no information on the distribution of F-cells and HbF/ F-cell in SCA individuals in Tanzania.Therefore, we conducted a study to describe the epidemiology of F-cells and calculated mean HbF/F-cell for individuals and described associations with selected hematological parameters of individuals with SCA.We studied 107 SCA, median age (19 [IQR: 15-23]) and 32 non-SCA (30 [IQR: 26-35]) individuals.HbF quantification was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Bio-Rad Variant I, USA) using the Beta-Thalassemia short program and reported as a percentage of total hemoglobin.F-cell quantification was performed using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur-Beckton Dickinson, USA).Compared to non-SCA, SCA individuals had significantly higher HbF (median 8.9 [IQR: 6.9-11.6]vs. 0.4 [IQR: 0.2-1.1],P < 0.001) and F-cells (38.8 [IQR: 30.3-47.8] vs. 4.6 [IQR: 2.9-6.9],P < 0.001).F-cells were correlated with HbF levels in SCA (q 5 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82-0.91,P < 0.001) more so in males than females (P < 0.001).F-cells were independently associated with mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and hemoglobin, where a unit increase in F-cells raised MCH by 1.64 pg (P <0.001) and hemoglobin by 1.80 g/dL (P 5 0.039).F-cells were higher in females [5.69% (95% CI: 0.35-11.03,P 5 0.039)] than in males.About 96.3% of SCA individuals had low HbF/F-cell (HbF/F-cell <10 pg).The median HbF/F-cell for those with low levels was 6.47 (IQR: 5.65-7.02),compared to 14.3 (IQR: 11.6-22.44).Hemoglobin was significantly lower in individuals with low HbF/F-cell (median 7.9 g/dL (IQR: 3.5-11.4),vs. 10.0 g/dL (IQR: 8.1-12.1),P 5 0.02), Table I.This is the first study in Tanzania to describe the spectrum of F-cells and HbF/F-cells in SCA and evaluate its correlation with hematological factors.This study reports a wide variation in the level of F-cells in SCA population, which as expected is higher compared to those without SCA.When compared to other SCA populations, the F-cell proportion is lower than that reported in African Americans (2-80%) [4] but higher than that reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where the median was 2.19% (IQR 0.0-30.3)[5].This is an important finding as the assumption has been that SCA populations which are in close geographical location such as Tanzania and DRC would have similarity in disease phenotype.One important modifier of this finding is thought to be the genetic factors.In this study, we also report a wider variation and higher level of F-cells in females than in males.However, the correlation between HbF and F-cells in male was stronger

Source: American Journal of Hematology

DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24390

Authors: Florence Urio, Magdalena Lyimo, Siana Nkya Mtatiro, Sharon E. Cox, Bruno p. Mmbando, Julie Makani