Industry In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Technical Report.
Year: 2014
Type: other
Abstract: An absolute reduction in emissions from the industry sector will require deployment of a broad set of mitigation options beyond energy eficiency measures (medium evidence, high agreement).In the last two to three decades there has been continued improvement in energy and process eficiency in industry, driven by the relatively high share of energy costs.In addition to energy eficiency, other strategies such as emissions eficiency (including e. g., fuel and feedstock switching, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)), material use eficiency (e. g., less scrap, new product design), recycling and re-use of materials and products, product service eficiency (e. g., car sharing, maintaining buildings for longer, longer life for products), or demand reductions (e. g., less mobility services, less product demand) are required in parallel (medium evidence, high agreement).[Section 10.4, 10.7] Industry-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have continued to increase and are higher than GHG emissions from other enduse sectors (high conidence).Despite the declining share of industry in global gross domestic product (GDP), global industry and waste / wastewater GHG emissions grew from 10.4 GtCO 2 eq in 1990 to 13.0 GtCO 2 eq in 2005 to 15.4 GtCO 2 eq in 2010.Total global GHG emissions for industry and waste / wastewater in 2010, which nearly doubled since 1970, were comprised of direct energy-related CO 2 emissions of 5.3 GtCO 2 eq, indirect CO 2 emissions from production of electricity and heat for industry of 5.2 GtCO 2 eq, process CO 2 emissions of 2.6 GtCO 2 eq, non-CO 2 GHG emissions of 0.9 GtCO 2 eq, and waste / wastewater emissions of 1.4 GtCO 2 eq.2010 direct and indirect emissions were dominated by CO 2 (85.1 %) followed by CH 4 (8.6 %), HFC (3.5 %), N 2 O (2.0 %), PFC (0.5 %) and SF 6 (0.4 %) emissions.Currently, emissions from industry are larger than the emissions from either the buildings or transport end-use sectors and represent just over 30 % of global GHG emissions in 2010 (just over 40 % if Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) emissions are not included).( high conidence) [10.2, 10.3] Globally, industrial GHG emissions are dominated by the Asia region, which was also the region with the fastest emission growth between 2005 and 2010 (high conidence).In 2010, over half (52 %) of global direct GHG emissions from industry and waste / wastewater were from the Asia region (ASIA), followed by the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990 (OECD-1990) (25 %), Economies in Transition (EIT) (9 %), Middle East and Africa (MAF) (8 %), and Latin America (LAM) (6 %).Between 2005 and 2010, GHG emissions from industry grew at an average annual rate of 3.5 % globally, comprised of 7 % average annual growth in the ASIA region, followed by MAF (4.4 %), LAM (2 %), and the EIT countries (0.1 %), but declined in the OECD-1990 countries (-1.1 %).[10.3]The energy intensity of the sector could be reduced by approximately up to 25 % compared to current level through widescale upgrading, replacement and deployment of best available technologies, particularly in countries where these are not in practice and for non-energy intensive industries (robust evidence, high agreement).Despite long-standing attention to energy eficiency in industry, many options for improved energy eficiency remain.[10.4,10.7] Through innovation, additional reductions of approximately up to 20 % in energy intensity may potentially be realized before approaching technological limits in some energy intensive industries (limited evidence, medium agreement).Barriers to implementing energy eficiency relate largely to the initial investment costs and lack of information.Information programmes are the most prevalent approach for promoting energy eficiency, followed by economic instruments, regulatory approaches, and voluntary actions.[10.4,10.7, 10.9, 10.11]Besides sector speciic technologies, cross-cutting technologies and measures applicable in both large energy intensive industries and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) can help to reduce GHG emissions (robust evidence, high agreement).Cross-cutting technologies such as eficient motors, electronic control systems, and cross-cutting measures such as reducing air or steam leaks help to optimize performance of industrial processes and improve plant eficiency cost-effectively with both energy savings and emissions beneits [10.4]. Long-term step-change options can include a shift to low carbon electricity, radical product innovations (e� g�, alternatives to cement), or carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)�Once demonstrated, suficiently tested, cost-effective, and publicly accepted, these options may contribute to signiicant climate change mitigation in the future (medium evidence, medium agreement).[10.4]The level of demand for new and replacement products has a signiicant effect on the activity level and resulting GHG emissions in the industry sector (medium evidence, high agreement).Extending product life and using products more intensively could contribute to reduction of product demand without reducing the service.Absolute emission reductions can also come through changes in lifestyle and their corresponding demand levels, be it directly (e. g. for food, textiles) or indirectly (e. g. for product / service demand related to tourism).[10.4]Mitigation activities in other sectors and adaptation measures may result in increased industrial product demand and corresponding emissions (robust evidence, high agreement).Production of mitigation technologies (e. g., insulation materials for buildings) or material demand for adaptation measures (e. g., infrastructure materials) contribute to industrial GHG emissions.[10.4,10.6] Systemic approaches and collaboration within and across industrial sectors at different levels, e� g�, sharing of infrastructure, information, waste and waste management facilities, heating,
Language: English
Subfield: Economics and Econometrics
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W2343427901