Year: 2016
Type: article
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tic disorder (TD) is frequent and clinically important. Very few and inconclusive attempts have been made to clarify if and how the combination of ADHD+TD runs in families. AIM: To determine the first time in a large-scale ADHD sample whether ADHD+TD increases the risk of ADHD+TD in siblings and, also the first time, if this is independent of their psychopathological vulnerability in general. METHODS: The study is based on the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) study. The present sub-sample of 2815 individuals included ADHD-index patients with co-existing TD (ADHD+TD, n = 262) and without TD (ADHD-TD, n = 947) as well as their 1606 full siblings (n = 358 of the ADHD+TD index patients and n = 1248 of the ADHD-TD index patients). We assessed psychopathological symptoms in index patients and siblings by using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the parent and teacher Conners' long version Rating Scales (CRS). For disorder classification the Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms (PACS-Interview) was applied in n = 271 children. Odds ratio with the GENMOD procedure (PROCGENMOD) was used to test if the risk for ADHD, TD, and ADHD+TD in siblings was associated with the related index patients' diagnoses. In order to get an estimate for specificity we compared the four groups for general psychopathological symptoms. RESULTS: Co-existing ADHD+TD in index patients increased the risk of both comorbid ADHD+TD and TD in the siblings of these index patients. These effects did not extend to general psychopathology. INTERPRETATION: Co-existence of ADHD+TD may segregate in families. The same holds true for TD (without ADHD). Hence, the segregation of TD (included in both groups) seems to be the determining factor, independent of further behavioral problems. This close relationship between ADHD and TD supports the clinical approach to carefully assess ADHD in any case of TD.
Source: Frontiers in Psychology
Authors: Veit Roessner, Tobias Banaschewski, Andreas Becker, Judith Buse, Sina Wanderer, Jan K. Buitelaar, Joseph A. Sergeant, Edmund J. Sonuga-Barke, Michael Gill, Iris Manor, Ana Miranda, Fernando Mulas, Robert D. Oades, Herbert Roeyers, Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, Steven V. Faraone, Philip Asherson, Aribert Rothenberger
Institutions: Technische Universität Dresden, Central Institute of Mental Health, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, University of Southampton, Trinity College Dublin, Geha Mental Health Center, Universitat de València, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, University of Duisburg-Essen, Ghent University, University of Zurich, SUNY Upstate Medical University, King's College London
Language: English
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,155
Awards: Translational Adolescent and Childhood Therapeutic Interventions in Compulsive Syndromes, G4240828829, Analysis of an ADHD Whole Genome Association Scan, International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics Project, Multidisciplinary Approaches to Translational Research In Conduct Syndromes, Aggression subtyping for improved insight and treatment innovation in psychiatric disorders
OpenAlex ID: W2504751517