Prevalence of relative energy deficiency in sport among well-trained male Norwegian cyclists and long-distance runners
Year: 2016
Type: dissertation
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction \nRelative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) links low and reduced energy availability (EA) with \nnegative health and performance consequences, though not well investigated in male endurance \nathletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of RED-S and associated health \nconsequences in well-trained male endurance athletes. \nMethods \nForty-one subjects, cyclists (n=21) and runners (n=20) [age: 40 (31-45) years; BMI: 23.5 (21.4-24.0) \nkg/m2; body-fat: 14.0% (10.0-16.5%); training volume: 12 (9-16) h/week presented as median + \ninterquartile range] were recruited. Protocol included assessment of bone health, body composition, \nresting metabolic rate (RMR), blood pressure, energy intake, energy expenditure, hormonal \nbiomarkers, blood glucose and lipids. 27 subjects were included in the final analysis. \nResults \nEighteen subjects had reduced EA (<40kcal/kgFFM/day) and showed a trend of lower RMR ratio \ncompared to the optimal EA group (0.83 vs. 0.86, P=0.026). Six subjects had low bone mineral \ndensity (BMD), but not related to EA status. The reduced EA group showed a trend of higher BMD \nin femur (P=0.037), hip (P=0.057), lumbar spine (P=0.01) and total body (P=0.035). No associations \nbetween groups were observed in hormonal biomarkers, blood glucose or blood lipids. \nConclusion \nWe found high prevalence of reduced EA accompanied by metabolic alterations in this group of \nwell-trained athletes. However, no differences were observed between EA groups in either \nanthropometric, hormonal biomarkers, blood glucose, blood lipids or BMD. This may indicate that \nwell-trained male endurance athletes are better protected against associations to negative health \nconsequences in combination with reduced EA, compared to female endurance athletes. \nKeywords \nAthlete health, bone health, energy availability, hormonal biomarkers, male endurance athletes, \nresting metabolic rate \nDue to word limitations in the master thesis, the following will only be present in the article (part 2); \nresults, discussion regarding results and conclusion
Source: BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))
Author: Thomas Birkedal Stenqvist
Language: English
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W2564511124