Year: 2004
Type: article
Abstract: ImmanuelKant (1724-1804) was the first to use 'culture' (Kultur) to mean the whole intellectual aspects of a civilisation, at the end of the 18th century.It was only at the beginning of the 20th century, however, that the word became generally used in that sense 38 .I showed in Chapter II that scientific research, which aims at discovery, is an intellectual activity.It follows that science is among the intellectual aspects of civilisation, and is thus part of culture.Within the context of this book, I therefore define CULTURE** as the whole intellectual aspects of civilisation, including science.In modern, developed societies, it could be argued that science is not only part of culture, but is one of its dominant aspects.However, science and culture are often thought of as distinct, if not opposed, aspects of civilisation in modern societies.Why is that so, and what are the consequences of this view? Science and CultureAt the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, scientific discoveries created great excitement in the general public.For example, the impressionist school of painting developed from the chromatic theory of light 39 ; public lectures on such physical phenomena as electricity attracted large audiences and difficult theories such as evolution (Darwin 1859) and relativity (Einstein 1905) were widely discussed in the press, fashionable circles and philosophical groups.Science was then part of culture.Deep interest of the public in scientific discoveries progressively declined during the course of the 20th century, as a gulf opened between science and culture.Here are three examples:
DOI: 10.3354/esep004013
Author: L Legendre
Institution: Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche
Language: English
Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W2591914519