COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications
Year: 2020
Type: article
Study design: Systematic Review
Abstract: COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Source: Journal of Alzheimer s Disease
DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831
Authors: Vicky Yamamoto, Joe F. Bolanos, John Fiallos, Susanne E. Strand, Kevin Morris, Sanam Shahrokhinia, Tim R. Cushing, Lawrence Hopp, Ambooj Tiwari, Robert Hariri, Rick Sokolov, Christopher Wheeler, Ajeet Kaushik, Ashraf Elsayegh, Dawn Eliashiv, Rebecca Hedrick, Behrouz Jafari, J. Patrick Johnson, Mehran Khorsandi, Nestor Gonzalez, Guita Balakhani, Shouri Lahiri, Kazem Ghavidel, Marco Amaya, Harry Kloor, Namath Hussain, Edmund Huang, Jason Cormier, J. Wesson Ashford, Jeffrey C. Wang, Shadi Yaghobian, Payman Khorrami, Bahman Shamloo, Charles Moon, Payam Shadi, Babak Kateb
Institutions: University of Southern California, Brain Mapping Foundation, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, New York University, Cornell University, Celularity (United States), Weill Cornell Medicine, Florida Polytechnic University, University of California, Irvine, University of Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Loma Linda University, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University
Language: English
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Funder: National Institute on Aging
OpenAlex ID: W3085523713