Urban ambient air particulate matter - chemical variation and toxicity in vitro : toxicological effects of PM from the highly polluted city of Nanjing, China
Year: 2020
Type: dissertation
Abstract: Ambient particulate matter (PM) is the leading environmental risk factor to human health and ranks among the greatest global risk factors for all-cause mortality.The majority of PM-associated deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases, followed by respiratory diseases and infections as well as cancer.Additionally, recent evidence suggests that PM exposure is involved with onset and exacerbation of seemingly unrelated adverse health outcomes, such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, or neurological disorders.The health risks are the highest in areas with high population density and airborne PM concentrations, such as the rapidly industrialized megacities in China.One such city is Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province in Eastern China, which has a total population of 8.5 million.Eastern China has encountered several events of low air quality and extremely high airborne PM concentrations, and even the normal PM concentrations are high compared to those observed in the developed Western countries.Improved understanding of PM and its effects in highly polluted regions, such as in China, can facilitate development of better pollution reduction strategies and air quality regulations globally.This could improve public health in less polluted regions as well, since PM is detrimental to health even at the lowest concentrations.Toxicological evidence indicates that PM exposure leads to respiratory and systemic inflammation, lung tissue damage and remodeling, and genotoxicity.Particles and their components may also enter circulation and elicit their toxic effects in distal organs.This and the systemic inflammation are considered to be linked to the detrimental cardiovascular, metabolic, immunological, and neurological consequences induced by PM exposure.Epidemiological evidence shows clear association with airborne PM mass concentration and the adverse health effects, whereas toxicological findings demonstrate that PM toxicity varies depending on location and time.This spatiotemporal variation of PM toxicity is linked to particle composition and, thus, PM emission sources.Yet, causal connections between LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor APAF1 apoptotic protease activating factor 1 ARE antioxidant response element ARNT AhR nuclear translocator ASK1 apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ATP adenosine triphosphate BC black carbon COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CVD cardiovascular disease CYP cytochrome P450 enzymes DALY disability adjusted life-year, or years of healthy life lost DAMP damage-associated molecular pattern DEP diesel exhaust particle DISC death-inducing signalling complex EC elemental carbon ER endoplasmic reticulum GI tract gastrointestinal tract GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GSDMD gasdermin D Hsp70 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IKK IκB kinase, kinase that phosphorylates IκB IL interleukin IκB inhibitor of NF-κB JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1 Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homologyassociated protein 1 LDSA lung-deposited surface area, combined particle surface area deposited in the lung LPS lipopolysaccharide MHC major histocompatibility complex MLKL mixed lineage kinase domain-like mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, a transcription factor NLRP3 NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain containing protein 3 NOx nitrogen oxides, such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) NPACT National Particle Component Toxicity initiative NPTX1 neuronal pentraxin-1
Author: Rönkkö, Teemu
Institution: University of Eastern Finland
Language: English
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funder: Itä-Suomen Yliopisto
OpenAlex ID: W3138181314