The effects of biological sex on fatigue during and recovery from resistance exercise
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Background Guidelines for resistance training prescription do not often consider sex as it relates to exercise prescription, despite its potential influence on responses to and adaptations following resistance training. If there are sex differences in the rate at which males and females fatigue during a resistance training session, or the rate at which they recover from resistance training between sessions, optimal resistance training volume may differ between the sexes. The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in fatigability and recovery from dynamic resistance exercise. Methods Male and female subjects with at least one year of bench press experience ( N = 21 males and 21 females) performed a fatigue protocol consisting of barbell bench press with 75% 1RM loads for sets of five repetitions, with 90 seconds between sets, until the point of concentric failure. Recovery was monitored for the subsequent 72 hours using subjective ratings of soreness for the pectoral muscles, triceps, and anterior deltoids, and estimated 1RM strength derived from load-velocity profiles. Results The female subjects completed more reps during the fatigue protocol (females: 58.3 ± 27.3; males: 29.6 ± 10.6; p = 0.0001), but post-training soreness and recovery of estimated 1RM strength did not significantly differ between sexes ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that females fatigue slower than males during multiple sets of bench press yet appear to recover from training at the same rate in spite of completing a higher relative workload. Furthermore, the difference in performance during the fatigue protocol appears to be attributable to the female subjects recovering more quickly during the rest intervals, rather than fatiguing more slowly while performing each set.
Source: PeerJ
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.20542
Authors: Gregory Lee Nuckols, Chase Alexander Overpeck, Erik Daniel Hanson, Claudio Luiz Battaglini
Institution: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Language: English
Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,395
Funders: University Fellowship Creation Project for Creating Scientific and Technological Innovation, storbyuniversitetet, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Lafayette College, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Natural History Museum, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Seoul National University, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Työsuojelurahasto, Rural Development Administration, National Research Foundation of Korea, Universidade de Macau, Norges Forskningsråd, Hainan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Nanjing Municipal Health Bureau, Universitas Hasanuddin, Foshan Science and Technology Bureau, National Institutes of Health, HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Science and Technology Program of Suzhou, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Aging, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
OpenAlex ID: W3170696833