Infant sex differences in human milk intake and composition from 1- to 3-month post-delivery in a healthy United States cohort
Year: 2021
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Macronutrient composition of human milk differs by infant sex, but few studies have examined sex differences in other milk components, or their potential modification by maternal body mass index (BMI). AIM: NW) interactions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Data were analysed for 346 mother-infant dyads in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) Study at 1- and 3-month post-delivery. Infant milk intake was estimated by the change in infant weight after test feedings. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using ELISA. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed models were used to estimate sex main effects and their interaction with maternal BMI. RESULTS: Mean glucose concentration at 1 month was 2.62 mg/dl higher for male infants, but no difference at 3 months was observed. Milk intake and concentrations for the other milk components were similar for males and females at both time points. Associations with infant sex did not differ significantly by maternal BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Among healthy United States mother-infant dyads, appetite, and growth-regulating factors in human milk did not differ significantly by infant sex.
Source: Annals of Human Biology
Language: English
Topic: Infant Nutrition and Health
Subfield: Nutrition and Dietetics
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W4210337495