Get started
Work

A review of alcohol–pathogen interactions: New insights into combined disease pathomechanisms

Year: 2022
Type: review
Abstract: Progression of chronic infections to end-stage diseases and poor treatment results are frequently associated with alcohol abuse. Alcohol metabolism suppresses innate and adaptive immunity leading to increased viral load and its spread. In case of hepatotropic infections, viruses accelerate alcohol-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis, thereby promoting end-stage outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we concentrate on several unexplored aspects of these phenomena, which illustrate the combined effects of viral/bacterial infections and alcohol in disease development. We review alcohol-induced alterations implicated in immunometabolism as a central mechanism impacting metabolic homeostasis and viral pathogenesis in Simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus infection. Furthermore, in hepatocytes, both HIV infection and alcohol activate oxidative stress to cause lysosomal dysfunction and leakage and apoptotic cell death, thereby increasing hepatotoxicity. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor signaling in hepatitis C virus infection. Finally, we analyze studies that review and describe the immune derangements in hepatotropic viral infections focusing on the development of novel targets and strategies to restore effective immunocompetency in alcohol-associated liver disease. In conclusion, alcohol exacerbates the pathogenesis of viral infections, contributing to a chronic course and poor outcomes, but the mechanisms behind these events are virus specific and depend on virus-alcohol interactions, which differ among the various infections.
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14777
Authors: Natalia A. Osna, Moses New‐Aaron, Raghubendra S. Dagur, Paul Thomes, Liz Simon, Danielle Levitt, Patrick McTernan, Patricia E. Molina, Hye Yeon Choi, Keigo Machida, Kenneth E. Sherman, Antonio Riva, Sandra Phillips, Shilpa Chokshi, Kusum K. Kharbanda, Steven Weinman, Murali Ganesan
Institutions: VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, University of Southern California, University of Cincinnati, Foundation for Liver Research, University of Kansas Medical Center
Language: English
Field: Medicine
Open Access status: green
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Awards: Extracellular vesicles as the vehicles for promoting liver injury induced by HIV and alcohol, G3052481470, Ethanol suppresses HBV peptide-MHC Class I presentation on hepatocytes, G356700078, G3934014208, G5077483267, G5544128137, G6494920702, Nanog-positive cancer stem cells in and liver oncogenesis by alcohol and HCV, Impaired phospholipid methylation results in decreased lipid droplet lipolysis: Role in hepatic steatosis, USC Research Center for Liver Disease, ALCOHOL, HIV INFECTION AND HOST DEFENSE, Hepatocyte-hepatic stellate cell axis in potentiation of alcohol and HIV-induced liver injury, Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity REsearch (KC-MORE), Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG), Biomedical Alcohol Research Training Program, LSUHSC-NO Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center (CARC), Role of alcohol adapted Kupffer cells in the progression and resolution of ALD, G957662741
OpenAlex ID: W4210513306
FWCI: 0.575
Cites: 80
Cited by: 16
Related to: 10