Year: 2022
Type: review
Abstract: The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of mechanisms. After that, scientists focused on the immune checkpoint molecules mainly. Thereby, much effort was spent to progress novel strategies for suppressing these inhibitory axes, resulting in the evolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Then, ICIs have become a promising approach and shaped a paradigm shift in tumor immunotherapies. CTLA-4 plays an influential role in attenuation of the induction of naïve and memory T cells by engagement with its responding ligands like B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Besides, PD-1 is predominantly implicated in adjusting T cell function in peripheral tissues through its interaction with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2. Given their suppressive effects on anti-tumor immunity, it has firmly been documented that ICIs based therapies can be practical and rational therapeutic approaches to treat cancer patients. Nonetheless, tumor inherent or acquired resistance to ICI and some treatment-related toxicities restrict their application in the clinic. The current review will deliver a comprehensive overview of the ICI application to treat human tumors alone or in combination with other modalities to support more desired outcomes and lower toxicities in cancer patients. Video Abstract.
Source: Cell Communication and Signaling
Institutions: Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, University of Sulaimani, University of Babylon, Chiang Mai University, Sechenov University, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Suez Canal University, Saveetha University, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Language: English
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,380
OpenAlex ID: W4223422528