Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Synthesis and Controlled Growth Methods
Year: 2022
Type: review
Abstract: Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0-3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.
Source: Nanomaterials
DOI: 10.3390/nano12183226
Institutions: Lovely Professional University, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, University of Allahabad, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cairo University, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Institut Européen des Membranes, Dublin City University, Helwan University
Language: English
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,513
Awards: G1458199836, G3521758420, G454557765
OpenAlex ID: W4296351511