Accessorizing viral vectors with extracellular vesicles for enhanced performance
Year: 2023
Type: article
Abstract: Viruses are the ultimate gaslighters of biology. They manipulate our cellular machinery into propagating viruses using several deceptive tricks. Many viruses encode proteins to force cell-cycle entry and facilitate replication of the viral genomes, fooling our cells into “thinking” this is normal cell division. To avoid elimination by the immune system, many viruses employ various tricks to immunosuppress or immunoevade to promote efficient propagation. Viruses have even commandeered our own extracellular vesicles (EVs) to do their dirty work. EV is a generic term for a variety of cell-derived, lipid-membraned spherical particles (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) that are released by most cells through various cellular processes. 1 Gurung S. Perocheau D. Touramanidou L. Baruteau J. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling. Cell Commun. Signal. 2021; 19: 47https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-021-00730-1 Crossref PubMed Scopus (458) Google Scholar Since EVs are coated with host cell receptors that facilitate efficient uptake in target cells, they make for an inviting, stealthy form of transportation for viruses. Several pathogenic viruses, including hepatitis A, Zika virus, and poliovirus, can be packaged inside EVs to enhance fitness by mechanisms such as antibody evasion, increased infectivity, and stability in harsh environments. 2 Chen Y.-H. Du W. Hagemeijer M.C. Takvorian P.M. Pau C. Cali A. Brantner C.A. Stempinski E.S. Connelly P.S. Ma H.-C. et al. Phosphatidylserine vesicles enable efficient en bloc transmission of enteroviruses. Cell. 2015; 160: 619-630https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.032 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (323) Google Scholar ,3 Feng Z. Hensley L. McKnight K.L. Hu F. Madden V. Ping L. Jeong S.-H. Walker C. Lanford R.E. Lemon S.M. A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature. 2013; 496: 367-371https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12029 Crossref PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar ,4 Zhou W. Woodson M. Sherman M.B. Neelakanta G. Sultana H. Exosomes mediate Zika virus transmission through SMPD3 neutral Sphingomyelinase in cortical neurons. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2019; 8: 307-326https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2019.1578188 Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar
Source: Molecular Therapy
Author: Casey A. Maguire
Institutions: Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,900
OpenAlex ID: W4364380376