From confusion to clarity: a case report of hypertensive and autoimmune encephalopathy in an elderly woman
Year: 2024
Type: article
Study design: Case Report
Abstract: Introduction and importance: Hypertensive encephalopathy is a critical condition characterized by acute hypertension-induced cerebral dysfunction, while autoimmune encephalitis involves immune-mediated neuronal damage. Distinguishing between these entities is crucial due to overlapping clinical features and distinct management approaches. Case presentation: The authors present a case of a 70-year-old woman with poorly controlled hypertension who initially presented with confusion and severe headache. Despite treatment for a hypertensive emergency, including intravenous labetalol, her neurological status deteriorated. She developed seizures and fever, prompting further investigations. Initial imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis suggested hypertensive encephalopathy, but negative microbiological findings and persistent symptoms necessitated consideration of autoimmune causes. Clinical discussion: Clinical evaluation, EEG findings, and autoimmune panels were pivotal in diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis, supported by positive anti-NMDA receptor antibodies. Prompt initiation of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) led to clinical improvement, underscoring the role of targeted immunotherapy. Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic complexities and therapeutic challenges of hypertensive and autoimmune encephalopathy overlap in elderly patients. Early recognition and tailored immunotherapy were instrumental in achieving favorable outcomes, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to managing such complex neurological conditions.
Source: Annals of Medicine and Surgery
Author: Pratik Adhikari
Institution: B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Language: English
Subfield: Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,850
OpenAlex ID: W4401526945