Hidden vortices and Feynman rule in Bose-Einstein condensates with density-dependent gauge potential
Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: In this paper, we numerically investigate the vortex nucleation in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a double-well potential and subjected to a density-dependent gauge potential. A rotating Bose-Einstein condensate, when confined in a double-well potential, not only gives rise to visible vortices but also produces hidden vortices. We have empirically developed Feynman's rule for the number of vortices versus angular momentum in Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of density-dependent gauge potentials. The variation of the average angular momentum with the number of vortices is also sensitive to the nature of the nonlinear rotation due to the density-dependent gauge potentials. The empirical result agrees well with the numerical simulations and the connection is verified by means of curve-fitting analysis. The modified Feynman rule is further confirmed for the BECs confined in harmonic and toroidal traps. In addition, we show the nucleation of vortices in double-well and toroidally confined Bose-Einstein condensates solely through nonlinear rotations (without any trap rotation) arising through the density-dependent gauge potential.
Source: Physical review. E
Authors: Ishfaq Ahmad Bhat, Bishwajyoti Dey
Institution: Savitribai Phule Pune University
Language: English
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: G4775390195, G8225653851
OpenAlex ID: W4401613409