Work

The Effect of Lead Exposure on Children’s Learning in the Developing World: A Meta-Analysis

Year: 2024

Type: review

Study designs: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

Abstract: Around half of children in low-income countries have elevated blood-lead levels. What role does lead play in explaining low educational outcomes in these settings? We conduct a new systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on the relationship between lead exposure and learning outcomes. Adjusting for observable confounds and publication bias yields a benchmark estimate of a $-0.12$ standard-deviation reduction in learning per natural log unit of blood lead. As all estimates are non-experimental, we present evidence on the likely magnitude of unobserved confounding, and summarize results from a smaller set of natural experiments. Our benchmark estimate accounts for over a fifth of the gap in learning outcomes between rich and poor countries, and implies moderate learning gains from targeted interventions for highly exposed groups ($\approx$ 0.1 standard deviations) and modest learning gains ($\lt 0.05$ standard deviations) from broader public health campaigns.

Source: The World Bank Research Observer

DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkae010

Authors: Lee Crawfurd, Rory Todd, Susannah Hares, Justin Sandefur, Rachel Silverman Bonnifield

Institution: Center for Global Development

Language: English

Topic: Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Good health and well-being, Quality education, Reduced inequalities

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,185