Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the "3 R's"-refinement, reduction, and replacement-when it was published in 1959.Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects' uses in laboratory-based research.Discussion about how to amend or replace the 3 R's is ongoing, driven mainly by philosophical ethics approaches to nonhuman animal rights and by scientific advancement.This article explores merits and drawbacks of possible updates to and interpretations of the 3 R's.The American Medical Association designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ available through the AMA Ed Hub TM .Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Source: The AMA Journal of Ethic
Authors: Rebecca Critser, Paul Locke
Institution: Johns Hopkins University
Language: English
Subfield: Small Animals
Field: Veterinary
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4402298470