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Sensitivity Approach for Blood Glucose Impedance Data Using the Geselowitz Theorem

Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: In this study, the Geselowitz Theorem was utilized to investigate the relationship between blood conductivity and glucose concentration in a tetrapolar configuration of stainless steel electrodes. The main focus is on describing blood conductivity as a function of glucose ($\sigma(k')$) to improve the BGP analytical model for use in non-invasive monitoring blood glucose devices. Five human blood samples with glucose levels between $106$ to $188$ $mg/dl$ were used for the measurements. Impedance data was used to perform conductivity calculations for three frequency values ($1$, $3.9$ and $24.9$ $kHz$) which avoided the electrical network noise and instrumentation limitations. To calculate the electrode's sensitivity, the COMSOL simulation used a curve with the lowest error in the regression (minimum of $0.06$ and maximum of $3.75\%$). The changes in sensitivity are explained by the changes in the sample and the geometry boundary. The results obtained help improve the physical interpretation of the microscopic phenomena involved. The conductivity shows a sigmoid behavior and a non-linear decrease in impedance upon glucose addition. The proposed tetrapolar configuration with AISI 304 steel electrodes loses sensitivity to glucose concentrations above $188$/mg/dl. Glucose addition causes a change in the conductivity of the sample as confirmed by all the results. The interpretation of glucose in the blood is crucial for the chemical reactions and the dynamics of human metabolism involved. An improved BGP model permits to advancement of a non-invasive glucose-measuring device and comprehends the relationship between ions and the glycolysis ionization process.
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100698
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,510
OpenAlex ID: W4402857824
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Cites: 34
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Related to: 10