Co-infection of cytomegalovirus and Leishmania without splenomegaly resulting in immunosuppression in an HIV-negative patient
Year: 2024
Type: article
Study design: Case Report
Abstract: Background: and transmitted by the bite of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus. This disease is endemic in the Bihar region of India. There are three common forms of the disease - cutaneous, mucosal and visceral leishmaniasis. The most common presentation of this disease is prolonged unexplained fever with hepatosplenomegaly. Case description: We report an unusual case of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) in a patient who was extensively worked up for PUO. She was found to have low CD4 counts even though serial samples were negative for HIV. Workup for PUO revealed a positive result for cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fundoscopy suggestive of CMV retinitis and bone marrow biopsy suggestive of visceral leishmaniasis. Interestingly, there was no evidence of hepatosplenomegaly. She was diagnosed as a case of CMV infection and visceral leishmaniasis resulting in immunosuppression and was managed with parenteral ganciclovir followed by oral valganciclovir and amphotericin respectively. She had a dramatic response to the treatment and was discharged after two months of in hospital management. Conclusion: Co-infection of CMV and Leishmania in an immunocompromised patient with HIV-negative status without hepatosplenomegaly posed a diagnostic dilemma and is a rare presentation. This report shows the importance of diagnosis of this co-infectious state, which upon management with ganciclovir and amphotericin lead to resolution of symptoms and pancytopenia. Clinicians should be aware of the unusual presentation to avoid missing the diagnosis of this potentially life-threatening treatable condition. LEARNING POINTS: Visceral leishmaniasis without splenomegaly is a rare presentation.Other aetiologies for low CD4 counts in an HIV-negative patient such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) should be considered.Co-infection of CMV and Leishmania resulting in immunosuppression in an HIV-negative patient is rare and poses a diagnostic dilemma.
DOI: 10.12890/2024_004923
Authors: Inder Preet Singh Bhatia, Siddharth Tripathi, Amulyajit Singh, Jayaraj Hasvi, Amit Rajan, Dahake Vandana Tukaram
Language: English
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $323
OpenAlex ID: W4403198019