Work

Towards the development of a portable device based on modified-voltammetric sensors for the detection of illicit drugs and seized samples

Year: 2024

Type: article

Abstract: Illicit drugs are a global burden, not only for society, but also for the various control authorities for which its rapid on-site detection remains a challenge. In this context, the potential of a voltammetric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of different drugs is evaluated herein. Concretely, the discrimination and identification of cocaine, heroin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and ketamine in self-prepared and real samples were attempted. For its analysis, an array of three carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPE) was prepared, and their responses towards the different drugs and some of the more common cutting agents and adulterants were assessed by means of square wave voltammetry (SWV). To this aim, a tiny amount ( ca. 3 mg) of the drug powder was added to the electrochemical cell containing phosphate buffer (pH 12), shaken, and measured directly without any other pre-treatment than its dilution. Next, to identify their characteristic fingerprint, obtained voltammograms were submitted to linear discriminant analysis (LDA), which allowed to correctly identify the different drugs regardless of the presence of the different cutting agents and other possible interfering compounds, or their concentration. Satisfactory results were obtained both for the synthetic and the “street” seized samples, with a classification rate of 100 % for the external test subset of the latter (n = 10). • Qualitative identification can be carried on-site in ca. 1 min including sampling stage. • The potential of an electronic tongue for the analysis of illicit substances is explored. • Voltammetric fingerprints of different drugs are extracted with a three-sensor array. • Correct identification of more common drugs even when mixed with different cutting agents. • Similar performance to that of standards was demonstrated for seized drug samples.

Source: Talanta

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127055