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Patterns of Avulsion and Osteochondral Fractures Associated with Patellar Dislocations: A Descriptive Study Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography

Year: 2024

Type: article

Abstract: Background: This retrospective study aimed to analyze avulsion and osteochondral fractures associated with patellar dislocation using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT).Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients admitted between 2015 and 2023 with acute or recurrent patellar dislocations.A musculoskeletal radiologist and 2 orthopedic surgeons evaluated CT scans of 148 patients (160 knees) to identify and categorize all avulsion and osteochondral fractures.The included fracture patterns were as follows: pattern I: medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) avulsion from the upper two-thirds of the patella, pattern II: medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) and medial patellomeniscal ligament (MPML) avulsion from the lower one-third, pattern III: inferomedial patellar facet osteochondral fracture, pattern IV: lateral femoral condyle osteochondral fracture, and pattern V: MPFL avulsion from the femoral footprint.The dimensions of patellar articular surface osteochondral fractures were measured, and patient age, sex, and side were recorded.Descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed.Results: A total of 148 patients (93 female and 55 male patients) with a mean age of 18.7 ± 6.8 years were included.Of these, 116 patients (72.5%) had 1 or more fractures, with 71 (44.4%) having isolated lesions and 45 (28.1%) having combined lesions.Pattern II was the most prevalent, observed in 66 knees (41.2%), followed by pattern I in 52 knees (32.5%), and pattern III in 45 knees (28.1%).Patterns IV and V were seen in 4 (2.5%) and 1 (0.6%) knee, respectively.The mean articular fragment size in pattern III was 128.4 ± 95.6 mm 2 (range, 12-412.5 mm 2 ), all involving the inferomedial facet of the patella.Osteochondral fragments were found in the lateral gutter (35.5%), anterior joint space (51.1%), posterior joint space (8.9%), and suprapatellar space (4.5%).No significant sex differences were observed in isolated versus combined lesions (p = 0.542) or fracture patterns (p = 0.274).Conclusions: This study, the first to evaluate fractures after patellar dislocation using 3D CT, identified 5 distinct fracture patterns.The results show that MPTL/MPML injuries are more common than previously thought, challenging traditional views on patellar dislocation injuries and emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Source: Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery

DOI: 10.4055/cios24270

Authors: Ozkan Kose, Fırat Dogruoz, Omer Faruk Egerci, Faruk Aykanat, Koray Kaya Kilic

Institutions: Antalya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sanko University

Language: English

Topic: Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies

Subfield: Biomedical Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: diamond

OpenAlex ID: W4403847588