Immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from Chlorella vulgaris
Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts below 100 ºC with the ability to be used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. However, to this date the implementation of ionic liquids as a catalyst remains an enigma due to its practicability. Immobilizing ionic liquids onto waste biomass solid support may improve the sustainability of its implementation. This study is focused on synthesizing immobilized tetrabutylammonium amino acid ionic liquids (TBA AAILs) onto bamboo activated carbon (BAC) as catalyst in transesterification of fatty acid from lipid extracted of Chlorella vulgaris. Three AAILs, consisting of arginine, histidine, and lysine were synthesized via neutralization reaction and immobilized onto BAC through wet impregnation method. Thereafter, microwave-assisted transesterification was performed with C. vulgaris as feedstock. The experiment showed that the impregnation of TBA AAILs caused a modification of morphology, chemical composition, and surface area of the BAC. The [TBA][His]/BAC had a greater impact compared to [TBA][Arg]/BAC and [TBA][Lys]/BAC, where it reduced the surface area up to 35 m2/g and pore volume 0.020 cm3/g more than half of BAC’s surface area of 842 m2/g and pore volume of 0.387 cm3/g. Furthermore, it was found from optimization with Box-Behnken method that 20% [TBA][His]/BAC (81.9%) gave the highest yield on 3% of catalyst dosage and 21 grams of methanol at 80 °C for 48 mins.
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,720
Award: G8358590015
OpenAlex ID: W4404185679