Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: Human civilization proceeded along with the development of the brain, both in size and activities.The development of a very strong power of thinking is also associated with the development of high ambitions and frustrations.Failure to tackle the adversities of life can affect the power of thinking, and it creates a stressful condition in the mind, termed psychological stressors [1,2,3].The term Psycho-Neuro-Immuno-Endocrinology (PNIE) was first described in 1936, though such effects of psychology on health have been noticed since ancient times and documented in different cultures.It covers the study of interactions between different psychological factors with physiological processes like neuronal, endocrine, and immune responses [1,4,5].Thus, the Shibabrata Pattanayak * ABSTRACT: Psychological stressors can show their negative effects on an individual's mental and physical states.Following the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine axis, they can influence different internal organs and systems of the body.Such influence can affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and modify the secretion of different neuroendocrine mediators.Altered secretions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other cytokines and chemokines (including pro-inflammatory cytokines); corticosteroids, catecholamines, etc. can initiate or potentiate health problems of different types and magnitudes.Psychological stressors can affect feeding, social behavior, pain sensation, learning, memory, reproduction, etc.They may act as the root for the development of conditions like epilepsy, hysteria, dementia, melancholia, psychosis, movement disorders, etc. Anxiety, confusion, depression, memory issues, problems in decision-making, attraction to negative thoughts, difficulty in focusing, lack of self-confidence, emotional disturbances, sudden changes of mood, increased irritability, unhappiness, hopelessness, inability to relax, etc. are some common effects of stress.Physiological conditions like headache, migraine, increased heart rate, sleep disturbances, high blood pressure, muscle tension, decreased libido, early fatigue, different gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, diabetes, idiopathic diseases, atopic skin diseases (eczema, acne, etc.), psoriasis, delayed wound healing, menstruation problems of ladies, etc. are developed due to stress.Developments of various immunityrelated, allergic, rheumatic, autoimmune, endocrine, neoplastic, and cardiovascular diseases are connected to different psychological stress components.Development of a self-care attitude, changing the surrounding environment to a favorable one, modification of lifestyle, practicing mind-controlling exercises like yoga and meditation, as well as taking assistance from any mental health professionals can be considered to counter or overcome psychological stress and staying away from different physical and mental health problems.
Author: Shibabrata Pattanayak
Language: English
Subfield: Behavioral Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4405947029