Impact of Rapid Thermal Processing on Bulk Lifetime and Surface Recombination Velocity of Crystalline Silicon With Passivating Tunnel Oxide Contacts
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT We investigate rapid thermal processing (RTP) as alternative to the prolonged thermal annealing process used to form tunnel‐oxide passivating contacts for silicon solar cells. The thermal treatment is generally followed by hydrogenation to passivate defects at the Si/SiOx interface. Whereas industrial manufacturing generally uses Cz wafers, research is often carried out with FZ wafers. Both types of wafers are prone to the formation of thermal defects in the bulk. To disentangle effects of the interface and the bulk, we assess the lifetime at different steps of the process sequence for both wafer types. We find that the initial bulk lifetime of our p‐type FZ material is maintained for RTP up to temperatures of about 450°C, followed by a severe decay and eventually a moderate extent of recovery at temperatures above 800°C. Compared to FZ material, the initial bulk lifetimes in our p‐type Cz material are slightly lower, but they are maintained on that level up to about 600°C. Beyond that temperature, the lifetimes also decay, but to a lesser extent than in the FZ material, and there is no curing at higher temperatures. Hydrogenation can partially passivate the bulk defects in FZ material, but the initial state is not recovered. In Cz material, it appears that RTP creates two different types of defects; for those created up to 800°C, the initial state can be recovered by hydrogenation whereas those created at higher temperature cannot be passivated by hydrogenation. We also investigate the formation of n‐type passivating contacts by RTP, and we fabricate solar cell precursors with a single RTP step and the same hydrogenation for both contact polarities. After sputtering a transparent conducting ITO layer on the full area and an Ag metallization, we achieve solar cells efficiencies up to 20.5%.
DOI: 10.1002/pip.3894
Institution: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $5,150
Awards: A Proactive Approach to the Recovery and Recycling of Photovoltaic Modules, G2011099265, G434337789, G4562421520, G5799696092, NACHOS: Nanostructured passivating contacts for high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells, Surface Lifetime Investigation for Characterization and Enhancement of passivating contacts in c-Si solar cells, Interfacds and Metallisation of PAssivating ConTacts (IMPACT), Surface Lifetime Investigation for Characterization and Enhancement of passivating contacts in c-Si solar cells, G993971353
OpenAlex ID: W4407113347