C2C— conflict to coexistence: A global approach to manage human–wildlife conflict for coexistence
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) presents a growing challenge to conservation and development worldwide. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and experts on human–wildlife coexistence strategies have responded to this challenge by developing a holistic, globally applicable approach to HWC management that can be tailored to specific local, regional, or national contexts. Its framework addresses the complexity of essential HWC management and long‐term coexistence strategies and is implemented in a structured yet contextualized step‐by‐step sequence by a team of facilitators and multiple stakeholders. The C2C: Conflict to Coexistence Approach centers on four principles (tolerance is maintained, responsibility is shared, resilience is built, holism is fundamental), four outcomes (wildlife thrives alongside human presence, habitat sufficient to maintain viable wildlife populations, people able and willing to live alongside wildlife, livelihoods/assets secured against presence of wildlife), and six HWC management elements (policy and governance, understanding interactions, prevention, response, mitigation, monitoring) that are to be implemented in an integrated way. It is currently undergoing testing in diverse pilot sites across three continents and demonstrating positive initial results. Here, we share the framework and methodology of the approach and initial results and experiences from these pilot sites.
DOI: 10.1111/csp2.13292
Authors: Eva M. Gross, Nilanga Jayasinghe, Smriti Dahal, Sither Tenzin, Sybille Klenzendorf, Kate Vannelli, Elke van Gils, Femke Hilderink‐Koopmans, Drew McVey, Natalia Banasiak, Valeria Boron, Diana Frances, Sandra Petrone, Wendy Elliott, Kayla Cranston, Kate Clemens, Jennifer F. Moore, Jenny A. Glikman, Ruth Kansky, Silvio Marchini, Saloni Bhatia, Margaret F. Kinnaird
Institutions: World Wildlife Fund, WWF-Cambodia, WWF Germany, WWF Tanzania, WWF-UK, Antioch University New England, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados, Stellenbosch University, University of Oxford, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment
Language: English
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,240
OpenAlex ID: W4407150774