Individual Color Matching Functions Estimated from Spectrally Narrow-Band Achromatic Matches Using Physiological Observer Models
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Color matching functions (CMFs) are the basis of colorimetric calculations. However, several studies indicate discrepancies between the visual metamers and those predicted by the CIE standard CMFs. In the current study, the performance of the CIE Physiological Observer model has been characterized based on 10° achromatic matches made with different narrowband primaries from 54 observers. Little improvement in matching accuracy was found after applying the observer age to the CIEPO06 age parameter. The Asano’s Individual Colorimetric Observer model (AICOM) was modified by adopting the CIE 203:2012 ocular media density function and removing the normalization of the LMS cone fundamentals before converting to XYZ-CMFs to improve the age-related estimation, termed AICOM+ model. The individual CMFs optimized using AICOM+ model showed a significant improvement in matching accuracy compared to the CIE standard CMFs, however, potentially overfitted. A sensitivity analysis on the AICOM+ model parameters was conducted, and a reduced model including the important parameters was proposed to accurately estimate individual CMFs. Based on a sensitivity analysis of the LED primaries, the 404 nm blue primary was found to be critical in explaining the observer variability in CMFs. Furthermore, up to four primary sets can predict the matching results accurately enough and save 50% of the experimental time. Through the shortened experiments and the reduced individual physiological observer model, we propose a rapid approach for estimating the individual observer CMFs.
Authors: Jiaye Li, Peter Hanselaer, Kevin A. G. Smet
Institutions: National Institute of Standards and Technology, KU Leuven
Language: English
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W4407768544