Thermophysical and microstructural characterization of Ti-6Al-4V in powder and laser powder bed fusion-processed state within the global temperature field range
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: To pave the way for thermophysical modeling and further PBF-LB/M process optimization, the thermophysical properties of Ti-6Al-4V in powder and processed states were investigated using thermo-mechanical analysis, laser flash analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Microstructural characterization using SEM, Vickers hardness testing, and XRD facilitated a novel interpretation of the results. The macroscopic density exhibited a linear relationship up to 880 C ∘ , showing only a minor impact from microstructural effects. The evolution of α ′ martensitic microstructure was analyzed by examining linear thermal expansion coefficients indicating direction dependency. During heating, the precipitation and stabilization of β provoke the formation and decomposition of the intermetallic phase, accompanied by a significant increase in hardness and an exothermic event. Additionally, the relaxation of residual stresses and transformation into the β phase determines the microstructural evolution. Thermal diffusivity of as-built Ti-6Al-4V propagates linearly up to 950 C ∘ . For powder, HotDisk measurements corroborate laser flash data obtained up to 850 C ∘ . Based on the LFA, the start of sintering is identified and attributed to a change in the heat transfer mechanism in AM powders. Specific heat capacity and effective thermal conductivity of AM Ti-6Al-4V are determined, highlighting the shortcomings of predicting AM powders' conductivity based on solid materials. • The experimentally determined thermophysical properties of Ti-6Al-4V provide a fundamental understanding of the process and enable thermophysical modeling. • Temperature-dependent changes in thermophysical properties are interpreted based on microstructural transformation. • Decomposition of process-specific martensite microstructure includes a.o. precipitation of β and evolution of intermetallic. • Additive manufacturing powder characterization reveals a complex heat conductivity behavior and limitations of existing analysis methods.
Source: Materials & Design
Authors: J. Rottler, T.K. Tetzlaff, A. Wohninsland, A. Lion, M. Johlitz
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,650
OpenAlex ID: W4408350214