Fiber Sensing in the 6G Era: Vision Transformers for ϕ-OTDR-Based Road-Traffic Monitoring
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: This article adds to the emergent body of research that examines the potential of 6G as a platform that can combine wired and wireless sensing modalities. We apply vision transformers (ViTs) in a distributed fiber-optic sensing system to evaluate road traffic parameters in smart cities. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are also assessed for benchmarking. The experimental setup is based on a direct-detection phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR) implemented using a narrow linewidth source. The monitored fibers are buried on the university campus, creating a smart city environment. Backscattered traces are consolidated into space–time matrices, illustrating traffic patterns and enabling analysis through image processing algorithms. The ground truth is established by traffic parameters obtained by processing video camera images monitoring the same street using the YOLOv8 model. The results indicate that ViTs outperform CNNs for estimating the number of vehicles and the mean vehicle speed. While a ViT necessitates a significantly larger number of parameters, its complexity is similar to that of a CNN when considering multiply–accumulate operations and random access memory usage. The processed dataset has been made publicly available for benchmarking.
Source: Applied Sciences
DOI: 10.3390/app15063170
Institution: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Language: English
Topic: Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
Awards: G1213223014, G1284408233, G1563655414, G1882869124, G2262581582, Machine learning applications for advanced optical networks, G2709081591, CPTEn - São Paulo Center for the Study of Energy Transition, G4390792188, G4449577701, G469579071, SMART NEtworks and ServiceS for 2030 (SMARTNESS), Scientific EMU: acquisition of transmission and characterization equipment for ultra-high-speed data links, G5324711248, G5378946049, G5728305119, G5949772843, G659662654, G6931046180, G77802884, High-speed strategic internet technologies, G881274297, G8988603247, G979399450
OpenAlex ID: W4408454200