Year: 2024
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: Objectives: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a vital enzyme present in red blood cells that protects them against oxidative damage by generating the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [1], by catalyzing a redox reaction between glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and NADPH, forming 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone and NADP.G6PD deficiency results in several disorders including neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and acute and chronic hemolysis; prevalent in African, Asian, and Mediterranean regions.Genetic variations in this enzyme result in reduced stability and activity, leading to an elevated susceptibility to cellular hemolysis during periods of oxidative stress.Traditionally, spectrophotometric enzyme activity tests have been employed to identify G6PD deficiency [2-4].However, these assays are inaccurate and require sophisticated pathological labs.Hence, a need for a point-of-care biosensor that is capable of measuring the G6PD levels by utilizing G6P and NADPH.In this work, we designed an electrochemical-based sensor to identify and quantify the levels of G6PD on a modified carbon electrode printed paper-based device.Methodology: The electrodes were designed using CorelDRAW and stencil printed on a laser cut paper substrate by surface functionalization and modification with carboxylic groups.The electrode was activated using EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) and NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide), followed by immobilization with carbon nanofibers to increase sensitivity.A capture antibody, labeled with an amine tag, was immobilized on the electrode surface using covalent amide bonding.Results: The target analyte was determined using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry with a potentiostat (DropSens, Metrohm).This biosensor, designed to be cost-effective and integrated with minimal components, successfully detected the level of G6PD in the body.The use of both G6P and NADPH substrates, instead of solely relying on NADPH, proved effective in clinical samples, enhancing detection accuracy.The incorporation of carbon nanofibers and the functionalization with carboxylic groups significantly improved the sensitivity of the biosensor.The methodology ensured precise and reliable measurements, demonstrating the potential for widespread clinical application due to its costefficiency and simplicity. Conclusions:The study achieved its goal of addressing the limitations of previous methods by providing a reliable alternative capable of accurately detecting G6PD levels using both G6P and NADPH substrates.This biosensor presents a significant advancement in clinical diagnostics, offering an affordable and efficient tool for accurate G6PD detection.
DOI: 10.70477/qmzj4890
Authors: Arun Saini, P.H. Sai, Ishani Gupta, Dharitri Rath
Institution: Indian Institute of Technology Jammu
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
OpenAlex ID: W4408828154