Work

Reversible Watermarking for Electrocardiogram Protection

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the widespread diagnostic methods used in telemedicine. However, in the telemedicine systems, the data transfer process to the end user may suffer from security risks. Reversible watermarking can preserve the security of electrocardiograms and keep their original precision for correct diagnostics. In this paper, we present an extensive investigation of four reversible watermarking methods: prediction error expansion (PEE), reversible contrast mapping difference expansion (RCM), integer transform-based difference expansion (ITB), and compression-based watermarking. We discover new facets of the existing ECG watermarking methods (PEE and compression-based watermarking) and adapt image watermarking methods (RCM and ITB) to ECG signal. We compare different kinds of prediction and compression methods used in the studied methods and provide a watermark capacity comparison for different methods' implementations. The research results will help in watermarking method selection in practice.

Source: Sensors

DOI: 10.3390/s25072185

Authors: Pavel Andreev, Anna Denisova, Victor Fedoseev

Institution: Samara National Research University

Language: English

Topic: Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques

Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137