Work

Boronization with tungsten plasma-facing surfaces in ASDEX Upgrade

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: • The status of boronization in full tungsten ASDEX Upgrade is resumed. • Boronization is used for initial conditioning and needed for special low density scenarios. • After vent the B layers react to an unstable whitish layer. • Only 4.1 % of the boron input are found on long term samples. • The long term deuterium inventory is only 0.1 % of the input. With the switch to tungsten for the ITER plasma facing components, wall conditioning techniques such as boronization are gaining new interest. As AUG uses tungsten plasma facing components as well as boronization, the present results are summarized and reviewed in this paper. In AUG it has been shown how to operate without boronization, but conditioning by B coating through a glow discharge (boronization) is now the standard start-up procedure. The properties of the amorphous boron hydride layers, produced by boronization, depend on the discharge conditions and the residual carbon content. At AUG, chemically active layers are required to getter oxygen and deuterium. After initial conditioning, further boronization is only required for some special scenarios. The lifetime of these subsequent coatings is about 20–30 discharges, after which a new coating or a boron powder injection is required to refresh the conditioning for these special scenarios. The main effect of boronization is to reduce tungsten sputtering from the main chamber limiter by reducing impurities. As the layers are chemically active, they react with air during venting, producing unstable whitish layers that are slowly vanishing. Specifically, they cannot be studied by scanning electron microscopy or ion beam analysis, because under vacuum conditions they are lost even faster. The remaining layers are long-term stable, but contain on average only 4.1 % of the boron injected during the boronizations. This remobilisation reduces the deuterium inventory in the layers to about 0.1 % of the input during the campaigns.

Source: Nuclear Materials and Energy

DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2025.101923

Authors: Volker Rohde, Martin Balden, Karl Krieger, Rudolf Neu

Institution: Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics

Language: English

Topic: Fusion materials and technologies

Subfield: Materials Chemistry

Field: Materials Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,190

Funders: EUROfusion, European Commission