Work

Development and Characterization of PBS/EA Cellulose and PCL/EA Cellulose Biocomposites: Structural, Morphological, and Thermal Insights for Sustainable Applications

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of Eucomis autumnalis (EA) cellulose on the structural, thermal, and crystallization behaviour of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that in both matrices, EA cellulose promoted nucleation, as indicated by increased peak intensity, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed reduced melting enthalpy, suggesting the formation of smaller, less perfect crystals. In PBS composites, EA cellulose acted as a crystallization disruptor, reducing crystallinity and enthalpy. Moreover, it slightly lowered the melting temperature. This is because EA cellulose contains β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds, which introduce –O– (ether) linkages along its polymer backbone. These linkages allow for a degree of rotational flexibility. When the cellulose is incorporated into PBS, this structural characteristic may contribute to a reduction in Tm, likely by disrupting the crystallization of PBS chains. At 1 wt.% EA cellulose, broader, more intense melting peaks indicated imperfect crystal formation, while higher loadings (3 and 5 wt.%) resulted in narrower, less intense peaks, reflecting reduced crystallinity. These results are consistent with cooling-curve results and SEM images showing structural irregularities. In PCL composites, EA cellulose similarly reduced crystallinity and enthalpy without significantly affecting melting or crystallization temperatures. The decrease in the melting enthalpy from 55.6 J/g to 47.6 J/g suggested the formation of thinner lamellae and less organized crystals, a conclusion supported by stable crystallization temperatures and declining peak intensities in cooling curves. The combination of XRD and DSC data highlighted the dual role of EA cellulose: it enhances nucleation while hindering crystal growth, leading to the formation of more amorphous structures in both PBS and PCL matrices. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential use of EA cellulose as a functional modifier to tailor the properties of biopolymer composites for environmentally friendly, biodegradable applications.

Source: Polymers

DOI: 10.3390/polym17070971

Authors: Fisokuhle Innocentia Kumalo, Moipone Alice Malimabe, Mafereka Francis Tyson Mosoabisane, Thandi Patricia Gumede

Institutions: Central University of Technology, University of the Free State, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (South Africa)

Language: English

Topic: Polymer crystallization and properties

Subfield: Polymers and Plastics

Field: Materials Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Responsible consumption and production

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,258