Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Bose–Einstein condensation occurs when bosons aggregate to effectively form a single megaparticle. Analyses of Bose–Einstein condensation have generally assumed a bath with a temperature, i.e., a thermal equilibrium where random collisions lead to a Gaussian-noise-term. However, many setups in physics involve conversion or transport of energy, i.e., nonequilibrium. Nonequilibrium noise is commonly characterized by the frequent occurrence of large kicks and, as such, can be effectively modeled by the implementation of $$\alpha $$ α -stable noise, also called Lévy noise. No temperature exists in that case. We analyze the simple case of bosons in a double-well potential subjected to $$\alpha $$ α -stable noise. A formula for the distribution over the two wells is derived. It is found that Bose–Einstein condensation can still occur, but is probably much harder to engineer. Our results could be significant for understanding the obviously nonequilibrium quark-gluon plasmas that form after high-energy collisions of heavy nuclei.
Source: Journal of Statistical Physics
Author: Martin Bier
Institution: East Carolina University
Language: English
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,090
Funder: East Carolina University
OpenAlex ID: W4409178640