Work

Association between ambient particulate matter and respiratory health among schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Urbanization and industrial activities have significantly contributed to the deterioration of air quality, with ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) posing a major public health concern in most cities of developing countries. The impact of these pollutants on respiratory health, particularly that of schoolchildren, has remained inadequately studied. This study aimed to determine the level of ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) and its association with respiratory symptoms among school children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study targeting schoolchildren aged 9–16 to investigate the impact of air pollution on respiratory health. A sample of 427 children was selected through stratified random sampling, which combined primary and secondary data. Standardized questionnaires and air quality monitoring for PM exposure were used to collect data. Analysis methods included descriptive statistics, and logistic regression to elucidate the association between PM exposure and respiratory symptoms. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms among the schoolchildren was notably high, with 35.1% reporting coughing, 26.7% wheezing, 31.4% breathlessness, and 28.1% severe chest illness. Significant associations were found between proximity to pollution sources (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.3–5.0, p < 0.001 for coughing; OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.9–17.2, p < 0.001 for wheezing; OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3–6.6, p < 0.001 for breathlessness; OR = 6.4, 95% CI: 3.3–12.0, p < 0.001 for severe chest illness), household smoking (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.02–1.4, p < 0.05 for wheezing; OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.01–1.4, p < 0.05 for severe chest illness), and the use of biomass for cooking (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4–4.0, p < 0.01 for wheezing; OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4–3.8, p < 0.01 for severe chest illness) with the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. Ambient PM levels, particularly PM 2.5 and PM 10 , exceeded WHO limits in several locations. WHO recommends PM 2.5 levels below 5 µg/m 3 and PM 10 below 15 µg/m 3 , while Dar es Salaam recorded PM 2.5 between 35–50 µg/m 3 and PM 10 between 75–100 µg/m 3 , significantly higher than recommended. The study emphasizes the significant impact of air pollution on the respiratory health of schoolchildren in Dar es Salaam and calls for targeted interventions to reduce particulate matter exposure, particularly in high-risk urban areas of Dar es salaam, Tanzania.

Source: BMC Public Health

DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22517-6

Authors: Justus Kamara, Stephen Kishinhi, Asinta Manyele, Happiness Saronga, Jovine Bachwenkizi

Institutions: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Saifee Hospital Tanzania, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology

Language: English

Topic: Air Quality and Health Impacts

Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,290