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ALPET: Active few-shot learning for citation worthiness detection in low-resource Wikipedia languages

Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Citation Worthiness Detection (CWD) consists in determining which sentences, within an article or collection, should be backed up with a citation to validate the information it provides. This study, introduces ALPET, a framework combining Active Learning (AL) and Pattern-Exploiting Training (PET), to enhance CWD for languages with limited data resources. Applied to Catalan, Basque, and Albanian Wikipedia datasets, ALPET outperforms the existing CCW baseline while reducing the amount of labeled data in some cases above 80%. ALPET’s performance plateaus after 300 labeled samples, showing it suitability for low-resource scenarios where large, labeled datasets are not common. While specific active learning query strategies, like those employing K-Means clustering, can offer advantages, their effectiveness is not universal and often yields marginal gains over random sampling, particularly with smaller datasets. This suggests that random sampling, despite its simplicity, remains a strong baseline for CWD in constrained resource environments. Overall, ALPET’s ability to achieve high performance with fewer labeled samples makes it a promising tool for enhancing the verifiability of online content in low-resource language settings. • ALPET combines active and few-shot learning for citation worthiness detection. • Achieves high performance with significantly fewer labeled samples. • Outperforms existing baseline in low-resource languages. • Analyzes various active learning query strategies versus random sampling. • Performance plateaus after 300 samples, indicating efficiency on small datasets.
DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127503
Language: English
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,500
OpenAlex ID: W4409291291
FWCI: 1.237
Cites: 101
Cited by: 3
Related to: 10