Work

Secondary Frequency Regulation Strategy for Battery Swapping Stations Considering the Behavioral Model of Electric Vehicles

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technique and the growth of battery swapping stations are expected to enhance the resilience of power networks. However, V2G battery swapping stations exhibit inconsistencies among internal battery packs, where the power capacity is significantly affected by the battery swapping behavior of electric vehicle (EV) users. To address this issue, this paper proposes a secondary frequency control strategy for V2G battery swapping stations that accounts for battery pack heterogeneity. First, a user behavioral model is developed through quantitative analysis of key factors such as economic incentives, time costs, and battery degradation, which is then used to optimize the operation of V2G battery swapping stations. Moreover, active balancing of EV battery energy levels is achieved by incorporating penalty terms into the objective function. Finally, a distributed secondary frequency control strategy based on the consensus algorithm is established to minimize total frequency control loss. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively meets the secondary frequency control requirements of the power grid.

Source: Electronics

DOI: 10.3390/electronics14081598

Authors: Nan Yang, Xizheng Zhao, Jia Li, Jingping Wang, Hanyu Jiang, Shengqi Zhang

Institutions: State Grid Nanjing Power Supply Company (China), State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power (China), Shanghai University

Language: English

Topic: Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure

Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896