Baseline comorbidity of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Our study aims to analyze the relationship between different stage of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients and the risk of progression to all-caused mortality or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods and results: A retrospective cohort study was performed by collecting baseline data of CKD patients. All participants were followed throughout the course of the study. Cox proportional hazards analysis and Fine-Gray subdistribution model was performed to analyze the prognostic value of different CKM stages on the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (all-caused mortality or progression to ESRD) of these patients. 1,358 patients finally completed the follow-up. Among them, 1,233 patients were alive, and 125 patients had died; and 163 patients progressed to ESRD. Baseline CKM stage 3 (OR=3.906, 95% CI=0.988-16.320, p=0.048) and stage 4 (OR=5.728, 95% CI=1.329-24.698, p=0.019) remain independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in CKD patients, while CKM stage 2b (OR=2.739, 95% CI=1.157-6.486, p=0.022) were identified as having an independent risk factor for progression to ESRD in CKD patients by adjusting confounding factors. Conclusion: Our research demonstrated that a high-risk CKM stage can predict adverse clinical outcomes in CKD patients, including all-cause mortality and progression to ESRD.
Source: Frontiers in Endocrinology
Authors: Jiali Meng, Wen Li, Wenjing Fu, Aihua Zhang
Language: English
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W4409518472