Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Drinking water rich in calcium and magnesium leads to problems in normal usage and industrial processes by causing blockages in pipes and producing subpar soap performance. One of this work's objectives is to explain methods of measuring and extracting water hardness. The water samples underwent hardness measurement through a well-known EDTA titration method. Our work investigated three methods to minimize hardness such as ion exchange and lime softening and reverse osmosis. The study demonstrated that reverse osmosis delivered the best performance regarding hardness elimination though it needs significant energy consumption to operate. Most treatments used an ion exchange process which proved cost-effective yet lime softening provided limited effectiveness across different circumstances. Research findings let us establish better approaches to handle and improve water quality depending on its end-purpose
Author: Rohit Soni
Language: English
Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4409592732