Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: Cytosine-rich DNA sequences form i-motif structures associated with various cellular functions including gene regulation. DNA sequences containing consecutive C residues are widely deemed essential for i-motif formation; however, some sequences lacking C-tracts have been reported to form minimal i-motif structures. We systematically investigated the variability in the minimal i-motif-forming DNA sequence comprising two TCGTTCCGT sequence units, which forms two C:C+ pairs and two G:C:G:T base tetrads. A comprehensive analysis of structural stability by DNA thermal melting temperature measurements revealed that oligonucleotides disrupting the formation of the base tetrad or its stacking interactions with a C:C+ pair prevent stable i-motif formation, and modifications to the sequence context and length of the lateral loops are difficult. This study further demonstrated that spermine effectively restores the stability reduction caused by creating a bulge, long loop, or dangling end within the minimal i-motif structure, which is less pronounced in the C-rich i-motif. The results suggest that the formation of minimal i-motifs with various sequences is facilitated in polyamine-rich environments, such as the nucleus of mammalian cells. These findings are valuable for identifying potential i-motif-forming sites lacking C-tracts in genomes and provide insights into the electrostatic interactions between i-motif structures and biological polyamines.
Source: Molecules
Authors: Koudai Ashida, Ayumi Kitabayashi, Kazuki Nishiyama, Shu-ichi Nakano
Institution: Konan University
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,258
OpenAlex ID: W4409605975