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Cyber–Physical Resilience: Evolution of Concept, Indicators, and Legal Frameworks

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: The protection of critical infrastructures (CIs) from cyber–physical threats and natural hazards has become increasingly vital in modern society, which relies heavily on the essential services provided by these infrastructures. The European Union has emphasized the importance of this issue by deploying a comprehensive policy package in 2022, including the NIS2 and CER Directives. This paper explores the concept of resilience in critical entities and essential services from a cyber–physical perspective. It addresses the inherent complexity of CIs and discusses challenges, limitations, and future research directions for enhancing their protection in line with EU policies. Furthermore, it introduces a conceptual model of resilience, outlining its analytical dimensions, and reviews current resilience indicators and corresponding assessment frameworks.

Source: Electronics

DOI: 10.3390/electronics14081684

Authors: Antonella Longo, Ali Aghazadeh Ardebili, Alessandro Lazari, Antonio Ficarella

Institution: University of Salento

Language: English

Topic: Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis

Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896