Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe neuropsychiatric complication in patients with liver cirrhosis, and hyponatremia is a critical factor influencing its progression. This study aims to evaluate the role of serum sodium levels in predicting the severity and outcomes of HE. Methodology: This observational study was conducted at A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, over two years, including 97 HE patients aged 21 and above. Patients with Grade 2-4 HE, as per the West Haven criteria, were included. Sodium levels were measured on Days 0, 2, 4, and 7, and statistical analyses were performed to assess changes in sodium levels and their association with clinical outcomes. Results: The mean sodium level decreased from 126.79 mEq/L on Day 0 to 122.20 mEq/L on Day 7. Patients discharged against medical advice (DAMA) showed a mean sodium decrement of 6.00 mEq/L, while those who expired had a larger decrease of 10.59 mEq/L. In contrast, improved patients exhibited a mean sodium increase of 12.70 mEq/L. The variation in sodium levels across these groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). Lower sodium levels were associated with poorer outcomes, while rising sodium levels correlated with recovery. Conclusion: This study highlights that serum sodium levels are a significant predictor of morbidity and mortality in HE patients. Regular monitoring and timely correction of sodium imbalances are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Future research should focus on therapeutic strategies to manage hyponatremia and its systemic effects in HE patients. Keywords: Hepatic encephalopathy, Hyponatremia, Serum sodium, Liver cirrhosis, Patient outcomes, Morbidity, Mortality
Source: AJ Journal of Medical Sciences
Authors: Pruthweesh H Hegde, Nagaraj Shetty, Druva D Shetty
Language: English
Subfield: Hepatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W4409878530