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Detection of Nutrients and Contaminants in the Agri-Food Industry Evaluating the Probabilities of False Compliance and False Non-Compliance Through PLS Models and NIR Spectroscopy

Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: NIR spectroscopy has become one of the most prominent techniques in the food industry due to its easy and fast use. Coupled with PLS, it is a well-established method for determining nutrients, contaminants, or adulterants in foods. Nevertheless, it is not common when calculating the capability of detection or discrimination given a target/permitted value, providing probabilities of false non-compliance (α) or false compliance (β). That is exactly the main purpose of this work, where a single procedure using the accuracy line to evaluate these figures of merit by generalizing ISO 11843 when using NIR-PLS in real scenarios in agri-food industries is shown. Nevertheless, it is a completely general procedure and can be used in any analytical context in which a PLS calibration is applied. As an example of its versatility, several analytical determinations were performed using different common food matrices in the agri-food industry (butter, flour, milk, yogurt, oil, and olives) for the quantification of protein, fat, salt, and two agrochemicals. Some results were a detection capability of 5.2% of fat in milk, 1.20 mg kg−1 for diflufenican, and 2.34 mg kg−1 for piretrin in olives when maximum limits were established at 5%, 0.6 mg kg−1, and 0.5 mg kg−1 respectively. Also, 1.02% for salt in butter and 11.45%, 3.78%, and 2.65% for protein in flour, milk, and yogurt, respectively, were obtained when minimum limits were established at 1.2%, 12%, 4%, and 3% respectively. In all cases α = β = 0.05.
DOI: 10.3390/app15094808
Language: English
Field: Chemistry
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
OpenAlex ID: W4409924365
FWCI:
Cites: 33
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Related to: 10