Work

An Econometric Analysis of CO2 Emission Intensity in Poland’s Blast Furnace–Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking Process

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: This study examines the carbon and energy intensity of steel production in Poland, with a particular focus on the Blast Furnace–Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) process. Given its dominant role in the industry, decarbonizing this process is crucial for achieving the “Net Zero” targets outlined in the Strategy 2050 climate policy. The transition toward deep decarbonization presents significant technological challenges, primarily the shift from high-carbon BF-BOF technology to low-carbon alternatives, such as hydrogen-based direct reduction iron in Electric Arc Furnaces (H2-DRI-EAF—Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction Iron in Electric Arc Furnaces). Using time series analysis and econometric modeling, we assess the impact of technological innovation and investment on the emission intensity of BF-BOF technology. The findings highlight the necessity of radical technological transformation for deep decarbonization in the steel industry, reinforcing the urgency of adopting low-carbon solutions. A successful sustainable transition in the steel industry requires a holistic approach, integrating economic incentives, regulatory frameworks, and innovation-driven strategies to foster a competitive, resource-efficient, and environmentally responsible steel sector in the era of deep decarbonization.

Source: Sustainability

DOI: 10.3390/su17094045

Authors: Bożena Gajdzik, Radosław Wolniak, Wiesław Grebski

Institutions: Silesian University of Technology, Pennsylvania State University

Language: English

Topic: Iron and Steelmaking Processes

Subfield: Mechanical Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Climate action, Responsible consumption and production, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896