Probing the co-evolution of Supermassive Black Holes and their hosts from scaling relations pairwise residuals: dominance of stellar velocity dispersion and host halo mass
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT The correlations between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies still defy our understanding from both the observational and theoretical perspectives. Here, we perform pairwise residual analysis on the latest sample of local inactive galaxies with a uniform calibration of their photometric properties and with dynamically measured masses of their central SMBHs. The residuals reveal that stellar velocity dispersion $\sigma$ and, possibly host dark matter halo mass $M_{\rm halo}$, appear as the galactic properties most correlated with SMBH mass, with a secondary (weaker) correlation with spheroidal (bulge) mass, as also corroborated by additional machine learning tests. These findings may favour energetic/kinetic feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as the main driver in shaping SMBH scaling relations. Two state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations, inclusive of kinetic AGN feedback, are able to broadly capture the mean trends observed in the residuals, although they tend to either favour $M_{\rm sph}$ as the most fundamental property, or generate too flat residuals. Increasing AGN feedback kinetic output does not improve the comparison with the data. In the Appendix, we also show that the galaxies with dynamically measured SMBHs are biased high in $\sigma$ at fixed luminosity with respect to the full sample of local galaxies, proving that this bias is not a by-product of stellar mass discrepancies. Overall, our results suggest that probing the SMBH–galaxy scaling relations in terms of total stellar mass alone may induce biases, and that either current data sets are incomplete, and/or that more insightful modelling is required to fully reproduce observations.
Authors: Francesco Shankar, Mariangela Bernardi, Daniel Roberts, Miguel Arana-Catania, Tobias Grubenmann, Melanie Habouzit, Amy Smith, Christopher Marsden, Karthik Mahesh Varadarajan, Alba Vega Alonso Tetilla, Daniel Anglés-Alcázar, Lumen Boco, Duncan Farrah, Hao Fu, Henryk Haniewicz, Andrea Lapi, Christopher C Lovell, Nicola Menci, Meredith Powell, Federica Ricci
Institutions: University of Southampton, University of Pennsylvania, University of Oxford, Edinburgh Napier University, University of Geneva, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, University of Connecticut, Heidelberg University, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, University of Hawaii System, Fudan University, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, University of Portsmouth, Astronomical Observatory of Rome, National Institute for Astrophysics, Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam, Roma Tre University
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,046
Funders: European Commission, Horizon 2020
OpenAlex ID: W4410146337